BScAgr, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, 1978. DVM, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 1983. AVDC Alternate Pathway, 1984-89. MRCVS, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, England, 1986. FAVD, Academy of Veterinary Dentistry, Orlando, Florida, 1987. P.Ag., British Columbia Institute of Agrologists, Abbotsford, British Columbia, 2000.